Discover how the market to book ratio helps evaluate whether a company is undervalued or overvalued by comparing its market value with its accounting worth.
The Market to Book Ratio, also known as the Price-to-Book (P/B) Ratio, measures how the market values a company compared to its book value. It indicates whether a firm’s shares are trading at a premium or discount to its net asset value. This ratio is widely used by investors and analysts to assess valuation levels, identify undervalued stocks, and compare companies within the same industry.
The formula for calculating the Market to Book Ratio is:
Market to Book Ratio = Market Capitalisation ÷ Book Value of Equity
Alternatively, it can also be expressed as:
Share Price ÷ Book Value per Share
This ratio provides a quick way to determine how much investors are willing to pay for each ₹1 of a company’s net assets.
The inverse of the Market to Book Ratio is the Book to Market Ratio, which is calculated as:
Book to Market Ratio = Book Value of Equity ÷ Market Capitalisation
A higher Book to Market Ratio typically indicates undervaluation, while a lower one suggests that the stock might be trading at a premium.
To compute the ratio, follow these steps:
Determine the company’s market capitalisation (share price × number of outstanding shares).
Find the book value of equity from the balance sheet (total assets − total liabilities).
Divide the market capitalisation by the book value.
For example, if a company’s market cap is ₹1,200 crore and its book value is ₹800 crore,
Market to Book Ratio = ₹1,200 crore ÷ ₹800 crore = 1.5.
This suggests that the company trades at 1.5 times its book value.
Understanding how to read this ratio is essential for valuation analysis.
Below 1.0: The stock may be undervalued, indicating that the market perceives the company’s assets as underperforming.
Around 1.0: The market value closely matches book value, suggesting fair valuation.
Above 1.0: The stock may be overvalued, implying that investors expect higher growth or profitability in the future.
Interpretations vary by sector, as capital-intensive industries typically have lower ratios compared to technology or service-based firms.
The Book to Market Ratio is particularly valuable in:
Value investing, to identify potentially undervalued companies.
Factor-based investment models, where it helps define “value” stocks versus “growth” stocks.
Equity screening, for comparing firms within the same industry based on intrinsic worth.
It’s a preferred metric for long-term investors seeking stable, asset-backed businesses.
Different industries exhibit different average ratios.
| Industry | Typical Market-to-Book Ratio | Interpretation |
|---|---|---|
| Banking & Finance |
0.8 – 1.2 |
Often close to book value |
| Manufacturing |
1.0 – 2.0 |
Reflects tangible asset strength |
| Technology |
3.0 – 6.0 |
Indicates high growth expectations |
| Utilities |
0.6 – 1.0 |
Low volatility, stable asset base |
Such variations show that the ratio must always be analysed within an industry context.
The Market to Book Ratio helps investors gauge whether a company’s market valuation aligns with its net worth. A balanced interpretation considers both the ratio value and sector norms. It serves as a key tool in identifying growth or value opportunities but should be complemented by profitability and cash flow analysis for accuracy.
This content is for informational purposes only and the same should not be construed as investment advice. Bajaj Finserv Direct Limited shall not be liable or responsible for any investment decision that you may take based on this content.
The market-to-book ratio compares a company’s market value to its book value, showing how much investors are willing to pay for each ₹1 of net assets. It helps assess whether a stock is undervalued or overvalued.
A ratio below 1 means the company’s market value is less than its book value, which could signal undervaluation or poor market confidence in future earnings potential.
When a company’s liabilities exceed its assets, it results in negative book value. In such cases, the market-to-book ratio becomes meaningless, as it may indicate financial distress or accumulated losses.
The Market-to-Book (M/B) ratio compares market value to asset value, while the Price-to-Earnings (P/E) ratio compares market value to earnings. M/B focuses on balance sheet strength, whereas P/E assesses profitability.
The book-to-market ratio is used mainly in academic and value-investing contexts, where higher values may signal undervaluation. It’s the inverse of the market-to-book ratio, focusing on intrinsic asset value rather than market pricing.
While applicable across industries, the ratio is most relevant for asset-heavy businesses such as manufacturing or banking. For technology firms, intangible assets can distort the comparison.
The Market-to-Book ratio should ideally be recalculated quarterly or whenever updated financial statements are released to ensure accuracy and reflect current market valuations.